Appendix B: Libraries
This section focuses on finding information for your technical-documentation
projects in libraries.
Preliminaries
Before getting into the details of how to find information in the library
or in nonlibrary sources, consider these two general issues.
Library Requirement. One of the requirements for the final report in
this course is to find and use information in external sources--either
published, unpublished, or both. Of course, you might feel that your
project needs no external information--that you already know it
all. However, you should be able to identify information that you don't
know and that needs to be in the report. For example, imagine you were
writing backup procedures for running some sort of high-tech equipment at
your workplace. Sure, you may be able to operate the thing in your sleep,
but you may not know much about the technical processes or scientific
principles behind it. And of course, it could be argued that such
discussion is not needed in backup procedures. Background of that sort,
however, might indeed be useful. Instructions often benefit by having this
kind of background information--it can give readers a fuller sense of why
they are doing what they are doing and a way of knowing what to do in case
things go wrong.
And of course, it's important to have some experience using the library and
other information sources in a more professional, business-like manner. In
freshman writing classes, for example, writers are not challenged to push
the library's resources for all it's worth--which is normally what typically
happens in a technical writing project.
Descriptors and Keywords. Another big issue when you begin your
library search is finding those words and phrases that enable you to find
the books, articles, reports, and encyclopedias that have all that
information you need. Sometimes it's not so easy! A keyword (also called a
"descriptor") is a word or phrase under which related information
sources are listed. Imagine you're writing a report on the latest theories
about the greenhouse effect: you'd check book catalogs and periodical
indexes for "greenhouse effect," hoping to find lists of books or
articles under that keyword. But that might not be the right one; things
might be listed under the keyword "global warming" instead. So
how do you find the right keywords? Here are some suggestions:
- Brainstorm like crazy! Imagine the possibilities for artificial intelligence:
computer-simulated intelligence? machine intelligence? Of course, as it turns out,
one big area of this field is called neural networks--who would ever think of that?
That's why you need to try some other possibilities as well.
- Try to find someone who is familiar with your topic; explore how they refer to it.
- Take a look in the Library of Congress Subject Headings. This a giant,
multi-volume set of keywords. Big problem with it is that it is not updated and
reissued often. If you've got a new-technology topic, it may not be much help.
- Try using a system called Dynix: type in your search word followed by two
questions marks, and it will give a list of possibilities (ask an ACC librarian for
help on this one).
- Try to find any book or article on your topic--anything! Then explore it for the
vocabulary it uses. In particular, check its listings for titles of other books and
articles. You're likely to find words and phrases that are the common keywords.
Where to stop. If you faithfully go through the following suggestions, you're likely to
have a long list of books, article, reports, and other sources--more than you could
ever read in one semester. What to do? First of all, don't back away from at least
knowing what's "out there" on your topic. Once you start looking at your list, you'll
see many things that seem to duplicate each other. If, for example, you have five or
six books with roughly the same title, just pick the one that is the most recent and
that seems the most complete and thorough. Many other sources will branch out
into subtopics you have no interest in. And of course many of the items won't even
be available in any nearby library or bookstore.
All you really need are those one or two books, those two or three articles, several
encyclopedia articles--that's your "critical mass" that you can begin working with.
You consult the items on your big list only when you run into areas that seem
controversial (you sense that you're getting only one side) and areas where the
information seems contradictory, confusing, or just too vague.
Finding Information Sources
Once you've convinced yourself that you need to go after some external information
sources (if you haven't, get in touch with your instructor) and have found some
pretty reliable keywords to use, it's time to start the search. Where to start though?
The logical starting point is whichever information source you think is likely to have
the best stuff. For hot, late-breaking topics, articles and proceedings (talks given at
conferences that are published) may be the best bet. For stable topics that have
been around awhile, books and encyclopedias may be better.
However, if you're not sure, you may want to systematically check a number of the
common types of information sources.
Internet Resources. It's increasingly possible to do much if not all your
information gathering on the Internet and particularly through the World Wide
Web. Take a look at these web resources for information searching:
Books. One good starting place for your information search is books. At ACC, there
are three immediately available resources you can use to find books:
- First, there is ACC's online book catalog. Check it using as many different
keywords that are related to your topic as you can think of. (See the
discussion in "Descriptors and keywords," starting page B-1, for information
on finding these.) As you find potentially useful titles, print them (most of the
ACC library displays are hooked up to printers).
- Another step you should take is to check the UT book catalog. No, you don't
have to drive to UT; the ACC library has a computer that is logged into the UT
catalog. Go search it with the same keywords you searched the ACC catalog.
And again, print out your results on the printer that is attached to the
computer.
- Another useful strategy for finding books is to check Books in Print, in
particular, the online version that is issued on CD-ROM (the ACC library has
the books only). Use your keywords here also.
If you do all these searches, you're likely to end up with a monster list of books. No,
you don't have to read every one of them. In fact, you may not be able to lay your
hands on most of them. Check the list and try to find a book that seems the most
recent and the most definitive. (Check tables of contents and indexes to see which
are the most thorough, complete, authoritative.) And, no, you don't have to read all
of it either--just the parts that relate directly to your topic.
Figure B-1. Searching for books by topic in ACC's
online book catalog. To look for books on your report topic, type 3 and
press Return. (Type 7 and press Enter to get to the main menu where you can
select to search for magazine and journal articles.)
As soon as you can, try to get your hands on as many of these books as you can.
Check their bibliographies (list of books, articles, and other information sources
consulted) at the end of the book, at the ends of chapters, and in footnotes. These
will be good leads to other books that your other searches may not have found.
Also, while you're in the stacks, check the books nearby the ones you have on your
list; you may see other ones that could prove useful.
Magazine and Journal Articles. While books give you fairly stable information and
often at a higher level of generality, magazines, journals, and newspapers often
give you much more specific, up-to-date information. There are two ways to
approach finding journal articles: through general indexes and through specialized
indexes. (Know what an index to periodicals is? It saves you from having to look at
the table of contents of every issue of every magazine in the field in which you are
searching for articles. You use an index to look up a topic like "greenhouse effect"
and find articles written in every magazine that index covers for the period of time
covered by that particular volume of the index.) Here are some strategies for finding
articles:
- Check several general indexes for your topic. These indexes cover a broad
range of magazines and journals--they are more popular and are for general
audiences and therefore can't be relied on specialized, technical material.
Still, they are a great place to start, and if you are not being very technically
ambitious with your report, they may supply you with all you need. At ACC,
the general indexes include Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. Try
finding your topic in the most recent volume of each of these (unless you
have a topic that was "hot" several years ago, in which case you'd want to
check the index volumes for those years).
- Try to find a good specialized index for the field that is related to your topic.
At ACC, try UMI Periodicals Abstracts, Academic Abstracts, Social Issues
Research Series, Business Periodicals Index, General Science Index, Public
Affairs Information Service (PAIS), and Applied Science and Technology
Index. Again check for your topic in an appropriate volume of whichever of
these indexes you use.
Once you get a list of promising articles, don't assume that ACC has them all. If you
use Academic Abstracts or UMI Periodicals Abstracts, there's a greater chance that
ACC will. If ACC doesn't have a periodical you need, check the listing of UT
periodicals (also available at ACC libraries).
As with books, you won't be able to read all of the articles you find, nor will you
even be able to get access to them (or at least right away). Try finding and reading
the abstracts of the article on your list; this is a good way to get a brief picture of
what the article contains and whether it will be useful to you. Just try to find the
articles that relate directly to your topic, and read them selectively when you get
them.
Figure B-2. Main entry point for searching ACC
information resources (usually you see the screen shown in Figure
B-1). Select 6 to search an index of over 1000 magazines and
journals. Select 1 to search for books (to go to the screen shown in Figure
B-1).
Encyclopedias. Another good source of introductory information is encyclopedias.
You can use these either to get yourself up to speed to read and understand the
more technical information you come across, or you can use the encyclopedia
information itself in your report (in which you'll need to document it, as discussed
later in this appendix).
- Check for your topic in a general encyclopedia, using all the various
keywords related to that topic you can think of. As with periodical indexes,
encyclopedias are available in general and specialized varieties. You're
familiar with the general encyclopedias such as World Book Encyclopedia
and the Britannica. And of course a number of encyclopedias are now
available online in CD-ROM format (however, the content of most of these
seems rather slight compared to the printed versions). These are great for
starters, and in some cases they may provide all the information you need in
your report. Also, check any bibliography--lists of related books, articles, and
reports--that may be listed at the end of individual articles.
- Also try to find an appropriate specialized, or technical encyclopedia in which
to search for your topic. You may need more technical detail, or your topic
may be a tough one not covered very well in general information sources-in
which case you may want to consult specialized encyclopedias. Even in this
group, there are general ones that cover a broad range of scientific and
technical fields--one well-entrenched one is the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. Another one is VanNostrand's Scientific
Encyclopedia. Look for your topic in these. Again, check the bibliographies at
the end of the articles you consult. These may point you to articles, books,
and reports that will be useful in your report work.
But there are even more specialized encyclopedias--ones focusing directly
on a field or profession, for example, solar energy, computers, biology,
nursing, and so on. If you can find these, you may be able to zero in on your
topic even more--and once again, be sure to check out the lists of other
sources at the end of the articles. For help in finding these specialized
encyclopedias, check with a librarian.
Reference books--handbooks, guides, atlases, dictionaries, yearbooks.
Another source of information reports is all those reference books out there. Every
field has its handbooks (repositories of relatively stable, "basic" information in the
field), guides (information on literature in the field, associations, legalities, and so
on), atlases (more than just maps, great repositories of statistical data), dictionaries
and encyclopedias, and finally yearbooks (articles, data, and summaries of the
year's activity in a given field). The ACC library has many of these kinds of
reference books, and the UT library has even more. You look for them in the
catalogs: when you look up your topic, you'll find entries for these sorts of reference
books as well as for the books mentioned earlier in this appendix.
If you browse around the reference area of the ACC library, you'll see
titles such as these:
- Prentice-Hall Encyclopedia of Information Technology
- McGraw-Hill Dictionary of the Life Sciences
- Robotics Sourcebook and Dictionary
- Energy: A Guide to Organizations and
Information Resources in the United States
- McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology
Government reports. One enormous source of technical information is the U.S.
government. The only problem is getting to the indexes of it, and then getting the
documents themselves. If you're willing to make a trip to the UT main
(Perry-Castaneda) library or to the Texas State Library (just east of the Capitol), you
can get at most of both. Both libraries are like dumpsites for selected U.S.
government documents--and that amounts to a lot! And of course many of these
documents are on various kinds of microforms in order to conserve space. But if
you wanted a pile of technical reports related to your topic, you could get them this
way. Try these strategies for checking in government documents for your topic:
- Check in a recent volume of Congressional Indexing Service for reports on
your topic (be sure to read the companion abstracts).
- Check a recent volume of the Government Reports and Announcements
index for reports and other information sources related to your topic.
- Check Index to U.S. Government Periodicals for articles appearing in U.S.
government magazines and journals related to your topic.
These sources give you just a taste of what's available in government documents.
Better indexed methods of finding this type of information are probably now
available; check with a librarian for help.
Information from non-profit, association sources. One interesting and
nonacademic strategy for finding information is to check for interest groups and
trade associations that may be related in some way to your report topic. While there
are probably many different ways of finding organizations like these, the
Encyclopedia of Associations is one readily available way. Use its topic listings to
find your topic (remembering to check all possible keywords), make a list of
organizations you find. Some of these will be glad to send you
information--although it will likely be strongly biased toward their particular
viewpoint. If you have enough time, write inquiry letters to a few of these
organizations, and see what additional information you can get.
Checklist for Information Searches
Try following each of these suggestions to see what sorts of information you can
find for your topic (everything mentioned here is in the ACC Northridge library):
- Using Library of Congress Subject Headings, list as many related keywords
(subject headings, descriptors) for your topic as you can.
- Using each of your keywords, search the ACC and UT online catalogs for
books related to your topic. (Print your results.)
- Check Books in Print: Subjects for books on your topic (using your keywords).
- Check one or two annual volumes of Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature
for articles on your topic (again, using your keywords).
- Use Academic Abstracts, Social Sciences Research Issues, or both to check
for articles. (These are online databases; you can print out your results.)
- If applicable, check for articles on your topic in one or two volumes of Applied
Science and Technology Index, General Science Index, Business Periodicals
Index, Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS)--any that apply to your topic.
- Check one volume of the New York Times Index for newspaper articles on
your topic.
- Check ACC's online magazine and journal index for articles on your topic (and
print out your results).
- Check a general encyclopedia (such as the Britannica or Americana) for
articles related to your topic.
- Try to find a specialized encyclopedia related to your topic; look for articles on
your topic in it. (In particular, check in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science
and Technology).
- Try to find a yearbook related in some way to your topic and see what
information it has on your topic. (In particular, check two or three volumes of
the McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology.)
- Find Encyclopedia of Associations and look for interest groups, trade
associations, and other kinds of organizations that might have something to do
with your topic.
- Using the information sources you actually find, check the bibliographies at the
ends of books and articles and the ends of chapters in books, as well as the
footnotes, for additional information sources.
Return to the table of contents for the TCM1603 Course Guide
(the online textbook for Austin Community College's online
technical writing course).
This information is owned and maintained by David A. McMurrey. For
information on use, customization, or copies, e-mail
davidm@austin.cc.tx.us or call (512) 476-4949.